Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis(in Latin)

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis(in Latin)

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Date: 3/28/2003
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Series of Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract

by Michael Derrida

Synoms:Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis(in Latin);Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. var. biloba Rehd.et Wils. ( Latin); Hoo Po P.E.(in chinese); Twolobed Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract(English)

Magnolia bark is a highly aromatic herbal material obtained from Magnolia offici nalis (see Figure 1) of the Family Magnoliaceae. The pharmacy item is obtained by stripping the bark from stems, branches, and roots. The Chinese name for the her b, houpu, refers to the thick (pu) bark that is the unadorned (hou) portion of th e plant. In modern times, it is common for magnolia bark to be sold to pharmacies in bundles of relatively uniform strips about 4 inches long.

This herb was first described in the Shennong Bencao Jing (1) around 100 A.D., a s follows:

houpu is bitter and warm, non-toxic, mainly treating wind-stroke, cold damage, h eadache, cold and heat, fright qi, blood impediment, and dead muscle. It removes the three kinds of worms. It grows in mountains and valleys.

This description differs markedly from that relied on in subsequent Chinese text s, in which the herb is mainly used for stagnation of qi and moisture circulation in the abdomen (associated with digestive disturbance) and tightness in the ches t (associated with impaired breathing). However, the treatment of "fright qi" is one of the persisting indications for magnolia bark in the traditional prescripti ons: it treats syndromes that are caused by emotional distress, such as plum pit qi, digestive disturbance associated with fear and anxiety, and shortness of brea th due to emotional turmoil. Although magnolia bark is no longer used in the trea tment of worms, its antibacterial properties are recognized and may be responsibl e for its ability to alleviate discomfort due to some intestinal bacterial infect ions. It may be prepared with ginger juice to enhance its digestive promoting eff ects.

URL ref:http://www.mdidea.com/products/herbextract/magnolia/data.html

Figure 1: Magnolia officinalis. Figure 4:Magnolol Figure 5:Honokiol

Figure 2: Magnolol and honokiol.

Figure 3: alpha-eudesmol and beta-eudesmol

================================================= Basic Chemical Data of Magnolol and Honokiol Magnolol: CHEMICAL NAME :[1,1’-Bipheny1]-2,4’-diol,3’,5-di-2-propenyl- M.F.:C18H18O2; &M.W.:266.32 PLANT SOURCE： Bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. STRUCTURE: Figure 4: ================================================= Honokiol: CHEMICAL NAME:[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol,5,5’-di-2-propenyl- M.F.：C18H18O2; &M.W.:266.32 PLANT SOURCE： Bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehd.. STRUCTURE: Figure 5: =================================================

[Series of Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract] Spec. available on sale: Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract(Magnolol+Honokiol) Description: Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract(Magnolol+Honokiol 90%HPLC) Botanical Source: Officinal Magnolia Plant part: Bark Type of Products Standardized Powder Extract Material Synoms: Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (in Latin) Botanical Synpoms: Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. var. biloba Rehd.et Wils. ( Latin); Hoo Po (in chinese); Twolobed Officinal Magnolia Bark(English) Quantity 500kgs/20drums(240kgs or more left) Batch No.: 021105 Assay (Magnolol+Honokiol 90%HPLC) Result:92%Complies HPLC individual % contents for both magnolol and honokiol: Magnolol/Honokiol ≈ 1：2 Honokiol Min 60% =================================================

Description: Officinal Magnolia Bark Extract(Magnolol+Honokiol 80%HPLC) Botanical Source: Officinal Magnolia Plant part: Bark Type of Products Standardized Powder Extract Material Synoms: Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (in Latin) Botanical Synpoms: Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. var. biloba Rehd.et Wils. ( Latin); Hoo Po (in chinese); Twolobed Officinal Magnolia Bark(English) Quantity 500kgs/20drums(100kgs or more left) Batch No.: 021016 TEST/OBSERVATION SPECIFICATION RESULT Method Assay (Magnolol+Honokiol 80%HPLC) 83~84%Complies HPLC Magnolol/Honokiol ≈ 6：7 =================================================

[Packing& Terms]: Type of Products:Standard Extract Powder Price: Most competitive and confirm ASAP. Packing: Aluminum Foil Bag and one Plastic-bag Inside. Standard Drums Outside: N.W 25kgs G.W.28kgs. I.D.40cm×H45cm =================================================

[Buyer's Guide:info of contact details]:

Manufacture and Supplier: MDidea -------Professional Extracts supplier from China Business World -------Professional choice in natural extracts business fields. Charger:MR. Derrida Michael Quality: The Best Price:Most Competitive Exporter Division De MDidea:Professional L'Extrait de Plant Pour recevoir votre commande, contactez-nous : Delegate/Charger:Mr. Michael Derrida Par e-mail derrida@vip.163.com Par web(Professional L'Extrait de Plant): http://www.mdidea.com Par web(Professional L'Extrait de Rosemary):http://www.oil-antioxidant.com(uploading and under construction) Par web(Standard Material Professional):http://www.materialstandard.com =================================================

MAGNOLIA BARK IN TRADITIONAL FORMULAS Magnolia bark was a common ingredient in many formulas described in the Shanghan Lun and Jingui Yaolue (ca. 220 A.D.). Among the smaller formulas (7 or fewer ing redients) in which magnolia bark is a major component were the following 11 presc riptions (2), subdivided into three categories (see Tables 1,2, 3).

Table 1: Formulas for internal accumulation, made with rhubarb and chih-shih.

Formula Name (Common) Pin Yin Ingredients List Applications

Magnolia Three Combination (Houpu Sanwu Tang) magnolia bark, chih-shih, rhubarb qi stagnancy with heat, abdominal fullness, and constipation

Minor Rhubarb Combination (Xiao Zhengqi Tang) magnolia bark, chih-shih, rhubarb (different proportions from above formula) accumulation and heat, with constipation occurring as a consequence of a febril e disease

Major Rhubarb Combination (Da Zhengqi Tang) magnolia bark, chih-shih, rhubarb, mirabilitum accumulated internal heat, with constipation and fullness, dryness, and mental agitation

Apricot Seed and Linum Combination (Maziren Wan) magnolia bark, chih-shih, rhubarb linum (cannabis seed), apricot seed, peony persistent dry constipation

Magnolia Seven Combination (Houpu Chiwu Tang) magnolia bark, chih-shih, rhubarb, ginger, licorice, jujube, cinnamon twig combination of interior accumulation and surface congestion, as occurs in some febrile diseases with abdominal swelling

Table 2: Formulas for digestive system weakness, made with ginger and licorice.

Formula Name (Common) Pin Yin Ingredients List Applications

Pinellia and Magnolia Comb. (Banxia Houpu Tang) magnolia bark, pinellia, hoelen, ginger, perilla leaf treating of plumpit qi and for gastro-intestinal weakness associated with anxie ty and fear

Magnolia Five Combination (Houpu Wuwu Tang) magnolia bark, pinellia, ginger, ginseng, licorice tonifying qi, harmonizing the stomach, and reducing swelling

Magnolia and Ginger Comb. (Ping Wei San) magnolia bark, citrus, ginger, jujube, licorice, atractylodes weakness of spleen, accumulation of dampness and food stagnation

Table 3: Formulas for stagnation of qi in the chest with difficult breathing mad e with either ma-huang or cinnamon twig.

Formula Name (Common) Pin Yin Ingredients List Applications

Chih-shih, Bakeri, and Cinnamon Combination (Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Tang) magnolia bark, chih-shih, cinnamon twig, trichosanthes fruit, bakeri abdominal accumulations and flushing up of qi, with coughing and pain in the ch est

Ma-huang and Magnolia Combination (Shenmi Tang) magnolia bark, perilla leaf, citrus, bupleurum, licorice, ma-huang, apricot see d wind-cold in the lungs producing cough and difficult breathing

Cinnamon, Magnolia, and Apricot Seed Combination (Guizhi Jia Houpu Xingren Tang) magnolia bark, cinnamon twig, peony, ginger, jujube, licorice, apricot seed cough, asthma, and surface conditions, such as chill, fever, and headache

Magnolia bark was frequently included as an ingredient in Chinese herb formulas mentioned in famous herb guides over the centuries, though some of the Shanghan L un formulations, such as Minor Rhubarb Combination and Pinellia and Magnolia Comb ination, have remained the central formulas in which magnolia bark is a major com ponent. More often, magnolia bark is included in larger traditional formulas and thus serves as a relatively minor contributor to the total therapeutic effect.

Magnolia bark is an ingredient in several patent remedies used for digestive sys tem disorders and abdominal bloating and discomfort (4, 5), such as Mu Xiang Shun Qi Wan, Kang Ning Wan (Pill Curing), Bao Ji Wan (Po Chi Pill), Huoxiang Zhengqi Pian, and Shu Gan Wan.

FRAGRANCE COMPONENTS The unmistakable pleasant fragrance of magnolia bark is primarily the due to the presence of two groups of compounds: biphenol compounds (magnolol and honokiol a re dominant; see Figure 2) that have a mild fragrance, and an essential oil (eude smol is the main component; see Figure 3) that has a stronger fragrance. In sampl es of magnolia bark from different areas of China, the content of magnolol and ho nokiol were in the range of 2-11% and 0.3-4.6% respectively (5, 6). Eudesmol usua lly comprises just under 1% of the bark; this oil is also a component of atractyl odes, an herb which has related therapeutic effects and a somewhat similar strong fragrance (in the rhizome that is used medicinally).

Magnolia bark is classified in the modern Chinese Materia Medicas along with a r elatively small group of herbs that are said to resolve dampness through aromatic penetration (7). The fragrance is said to awaken the spleen to distribute dampne ss, and the fragrance can also penetrate through damp accumulations to assist in breaking them up and allowing the fluids to flow freely. The main herbs in this c ategory are various cardamons (e.g., caodoukou, baidoukou, sharen, caoguo), one o f the atractylodes (cangzhu), eupatorium (peilan), and pogostemon (huoxiang). Of this group, magnolia bark, atractylodes, and pogostemon are the most extensively used today, often appearing together in formulas aimed at relieving digestive dis turbances.

The biphenols and eudesmol (a triterpene) are the main active constituents that confer the desired pharmacological effects. These ingredients are reported to hav e anxiolytic effects (8), to enhance steroid production by the adrenal cortex (9) , inhibit fungi (10) and bacteria (6), have antioxidant actions (11), reduce infl ammation and pain (12); they may protect against seizures (13) and act as an anti dote for intoxication by organophosphorus pesticides(14). Magnolia bark also cont ains a small amount of alkaloids, mainly magnoflorine, magnocurarine, and salicif oline, but these are not considered important to the clinical actions.

TOXICITY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS No significant toxicity or adverse effects have been reported to date. In a 1993 article in Lancet (15), magnolia was mentioned along with stephania (Stephania t etrandra) as suspected ingredients in a complex weight loss regimen that resulted in several cases of renal failure. It was later reported that the herb stephania had come from the source Aristolochia fangchi (16) and suspicion about contribut ion to the incidence of renal failure was transferred to components of that herb, particularly aristolochic acid, which is not found in magnolia bark. There was n o further investigation of magnolia in relation to the problems experienced at th at clinic and there is no reason to suspect that it played a role. Laboratory stu dies of the toxicity of magnolia bark and its components failed to reveal any imm ediate reason for concern about its use in normal doses: the LD50 of magnolia bar k in decoction given by injection was 6 grams per kilogram in mice and the LD50 o f the alkaloid magnofluorine was 45 mg/kg by injection in mice. The mean lethal d ose of magnolia bark decoction given to cats by intravenous administration was 4. 25 g/kg.

DOSAGE The usual dosage recommendation for magnolia bark in decoction is 3-9 grams (6, 17). It is also powdered in formulas made in pill form, in which case the daily d ose ingested is typically less than 1 gram. Since prolonged boiling of the bark m ay reduce the content of essential oils and biphenols, the decoction requires a h igher dose than the powder that is ingested in pills.

PRODUCTION Virtually all of the magnolia bark collected for the herb market comes from cult ivated supplies. Jingning County of Zhejiang Province is one of the largest produ ction areas. Currently, China produces about 200 tons per year of magnolia bark, but there is a project underway in Jingning County to increase production to 1,50 0 tons per year if greater international distribution of magnolia bark and its pr oducts can be attained (18).

Most of the magnolia bark is used domestically (within China) both for making de coctions and patent medicine pills. Crude magnolia bark is exported to Chinese co mmunities abroad that use it in making decoctions, and to Western companies that make Chinese herb products in capsule and tablet form (typically with powdered ma gnolia or dried extract of magnolia). Also, magnolia bark from China, Taiwan, and Japan is used in making Kampo remedies: traditional formulas prepared as dried d ecoctions (granules). These are used mainly in Taiwan and Japan where they are us ed domestically, and a portion is exported to Western countries. Both single herb granules and formulas are produced, and most of the formulas are the ones from t he Shanghan Lun and Jingui Yaolue, as outlined above (there are also a few additi onal formulas that have a larger number of ingredients that were not listed in th at section).

SUBSTITUTES AND RELATED HERBS houpu is the official herb in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of Chin a (17); the herb is sometimes called chuan houpu, because it originally came from the Sichuan area of China). Tuhoupu (tu = local; it is especially used in Guangx i Province) is sometimes used as a substitute (19). This herb is derived from spe cies of Manglietia, which is in the same family as Magnolia. Studies show that ho upu has higher levels of magnolol and honkiol, but lower levels of magnoflorine c ompared to tuhoupu. In Japan, Magnolia obovata is used as a source of houpu; it i s called hehoupu (he = peaceful, harmonious).

Xinyi, magnolia flower, is used in China as a remedy for sinus congestion and he adaches; it is mainly obtained from the flower buds of Magnolia liliflora and sev eral other species of Magnolia, but not from Magnolia officinalis. Its main activ e components are monoterpenes, such as pinene, limonene, and camphor. REFERENCES Yang Shou-zhong (translator), The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica, 1998 Blue Popp y Press, Boulder, CO. Hong-Yen Hsu and Chau-Shin Hsu, Commonly Used Chinese Herb Formulas with Illustr ations, 1980 rev. ed., Oriental Healing Arts Institute, Long Beach, CA. Fratkin J, Chinese Herbal Patent Formulas: A Practical Guide, 1986 Shya Publicat ions, Santa Fe, NM. Chun-Han Zhu, Clinical Handbook of Chinese Prepared Medicines, 1989 Paradigm Pub lications, Brookline, MA. Tang W and Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, 1992 Springer-Verlag, Be rlin. Zhu YP, Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications, 1998 Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. Hong-Yen Hsu, et al., Oriental Materia Medica: A Concise Guide, 1986 Oriental He aling Arts Institute, Long Beach, CA. Kuribara H, et al., The anxiolytic effect of two oriental herbal drugs in Japan attributed to honokiol from magnolia bark, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2 000; 52(11): 1425-1429. Wang SM, et al., Magnolol stimulates steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cells, Briti sh Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 131(6): 1172-1178. Bang KH, et al., Antifungal activity of magnolol and honokiol, Archives Pharmace utical Research 2000; 23(1): 46-49. Kong CW, et al., Magnolol attenuates peroxidative damage and improves survival o f rats with sepsis, Shock 2000; 13(1); 24-28. Wang JP, et al., Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of magnolol, Archives Ph armacology 1992; 346(6): 707-712. Chiou LC, Ling JY, and Chang CC, Chinese herb constituent beta-eudesmol alleviat ed the electroshock seizures in mice and electrographic seizures in rat hippocamp al slices, Neuroscience Letters 1997; 231(30; 171-174. Chiou LC, Ling JY, and Chang CC, beta-Eudesmol as an antidote for intoxication f rom organophophorus anticholinesterase agents, European Journal of Pharmacology 1 995; 292(2): 151-156. Vanherweghem JL, et al., Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in youn g women associated with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs, Lancet 1993; 34 :387-391. Vanhaelen M, et al., Identification of aristolochic acid in Chinese herbs, Lance t 1994; 343: 174. Pharmacopoeia Commission of PRC, Pharmacopoeia of the PRC, (English edition) 198 8 People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing. Si Jinping, Jingning Magnolia officinalis Development Project, 2000 Jingning Sci ence and Technology Development Department, Zhejiang, China Song WZ, Cui JF, and Zhang GD, Studies on the medicinal plants of the Magnoliace ae tuhoupo of Manglietia, Journal of Chinese Herbs 1989; 24(4); 295-299.

Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis(in Latin)

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